Immanuel Kant
Philosopher of the Enlightenment
關於
Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) spent his entire life in Königsberg, Prussia, teaching at its university and becoming its Full Professor of Logic and Metaphysics in 1770. His mature philosophy unfolds across three Critiques: the Critique of Pure Reason (1781) argues for a 'Copernican revolution' in which objects of experience conform to the mind's own forms of intuition rather than the mind passively mirroring an external world, leaving us knowledge only of appearances (phenomena) and not of things as they are in themselves (noumena). The Critique of Practical Reason (1788) grounds morality in reason, and the Critique of Judgment (1790) turns to aesthetics, arguing that judgments of beauty rest on a 'disinterested' pleasure — one detached from personal desire or use — that nonetheless claims universal assent from others. Famously disciplined in his habits, Kant reshaped nearly every subsequent branch of philosophy from a single, systematic body of work.
主要貢獻
- Argued for a 'Copernican revolution' in philosophy: objects of experience conform to the mind's forms of intuition, not vice versa
- Distinguished phenomena (appearances we can know) from noumena, or the thing-in-itself (which remains unknowable), in the Critique of Pure Reason (1781)
- Grounded moral philosophy in practical reason in the Critique of Practical Reason (1788)
- Argued in the Critique of Judgment (1790) that beauty is felt as disinterested pleasure that nonetheless claims universal assent
- Held the chair of Logic and Metaphysics at the University of Königsberg for the whole of his career
書籍
思想連結
許煜
影響了他/她哲學教授・鹿特丹伊拉斯謨大學
《Kant Machine: Critical Philosophy after AI》（2026）是一段長期交往的終點：Hui 把康德的奠基之問從人類主體移置到機器身上，追問一個 AI 能否在康德的意義上是「批判的」——意識到自身的界限、為自己立法、能夠判斷而不只是執行。這條線索可以一路回溯到《Recursivity and Contingency》，該書為控制論與神經網路的時代重讀了第三批判對有機體的描述。
digitalmilieu.net · amazon.com
馬丁·海德格
影響了他/她哲學家
康德的影響貫穿整部《存在與時間》，而《康德與形上學問題》（1929）——寫於海德格在達沃斯與卡西勒交鋒之後——可以讀作那本書未完成的第二部分的補篇。海德格的詮釋把前所未有的重量放在圖式論上，把第一批判讀成一部關於人類有限性的論著；多數康德學者——卡西勒為首——拒絕了這個讀法，而這恰恰說明它是哲學，而非注疏。
en.wikipedia.org
Andy Clark
思想同道哲學家與認知科學家
當 Clark 把知覺描述為「受控的幻覺」——大腦以預測迎向世界，而非被動接收——這個領域幾乎立刻想起了康德：Swanson 的〈The Predictive Processing Paradigm Has Roots in Kant〉（2016）把由上而下的知覺生成與 hyperpriors，對應到《純粹理性批判》「經驗順應於心智自身形式」的主張；Clark 自己也把最高層的先驗期望稱為「幾乎是康德式的」對世界結構的預期。相隔兩個世紀，同一套架構：我們居住的世界，是心智被造來建構的那一個。
frontiersin.org
謝賽寧（谢赛宁）
思想同道共同創辦人暨首席科學官・AMI Labs
在那場七小時的訪談裡——就收在本站——謝賽寧借用康德的「物自體」，連同叔本華與何愷明送他的《金剛經》，來解釋 research taste：你看到的不是本質，所以要打破一篇論文的表相，追問底下究竟藏著什麼。這個反射比一次引用更深——他的世界模型計畫本身就是一注賭金：智能就是為表相背後隱藏之物建模——對一個康德判定為不可回答的問題，給出一個建造者的回答。
youtube.com
